Is sustainable tourism a goal that came true? The Italian experience of the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park

The objectives for tourism development and the better functioning of protected areas is affected by bad governance activities. This paper provides a framework based on the combination between the Viable Systems Approach (vSa) and the actor engagement theory for improving the managerial effectiveness of protected areas. Exploring the case of the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, a well-known tourism destination in Southern Italy, we gave empirical evidence of the risks that can occur when the governing body of protected areas does not adopt a systems-based management approach, and therefore cannot handle the complexity of the territory, generate socio-economic benefits for local populations, resolve conflicts with local actors, or advance sustainable tourism goals. Findings suggest that the governing body should adopt specific strategies to engage local actors in decision- making and idea-generation processes. Such strategies could help to integrate resources within the system, co- create value and handle conflicts when the goals are not mutually aligned. Hence, actor engagement is neces- sary for achieving conditions of systemic consonance and resonance.