Environmental impact assessment of an air-to-water heat pump through the Expanded Total Equivalent Warming Impact index based on experimental data

The Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) index is conventionally used to evaluate emissions from heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems. However, a more comprehensive indicator, the Expanded Total Equivalent Warming Impact (ETEWI), has been proposed to overcome the limits of TEWI index and to consider additional environmental impacts such as the effects of urban heat island and the losses of natural gas along high-pressure pipelines supplying natural gas-fired power plants. In this study, TEWI and ETEWI metrics are applied to an air-to-water electric heat pump (EHP) serving a university building in Benevento (Southern Italy). Real data on EHP electricity consumption have been collected based on the entire building's electric load and compared to measured data. ETEWI index has been estimated in two scenarios, one considering the impact of refrigerant charge variation on the performance of the EHP and its environmental impact and the other disregarding it. Additionally, carbon dioxide emission factors for electricity production have been forecasted from 2021 to 2033 to determine the indirect term of ETEWI index. Over the lifetime of the EHP, ETEWI increases by 4.8% compared to TEWI when the variation of refrigerant charge level is not considered. However, this percentage growth is equal to 6.5% when the impact of refrigerant charge change is accounted too. In the latter scenario, the indirect term of ETEWI decreases from 22.7 tCO2 in 2015 to 12.0 tCO2 in 2033 when the forecast of the carbon dioxide emission factors for electricity production is taken into account.