Energy and environmental performance of a heat pump in different power grid scenarios

Electric-driven heat pumps are one of the most encouraging systems that could support the raising of renewables contribution in civil sector energy consumption, especially with reference to the Countries with a high contribution of renewable energy sources in electricity generation mix. However, the evaluation of the effective energy and environmental performance of an electric heat pumpmeeting the space heating and cooling requests of a building has to consider several factors that affect the results. Among them great attention should be given to the variability of weather conditions in which the system operates, the changeability of the efficiency and environmental indicators of power grid. The analysis becomes more complex if the variation of these parameters is considered in terms of time and geographic location but it leads to the actual evaluation of the energy conversion system performance that is neglected by European Regulations. This paper presents an energy and environmental analysis of an electric-driven air-source heat pump providing the space heating and cooling needs of the same building located in two different geographical locations by means of a dynamic simulation performed in TRNSYS 17. The analysis is carried out considering the average and time-dependent values of the carbon dioxide emission factors for electricity and the power grid efficiency indicators evaluated bymeans of the real electricity generation data. In addition, the paper proposes the evaluation of the average and hourly energy and environmental parameters referred only to the electricity market zones in which the buildings are located. These indices are considered in the analysis too. The results have highlighted that the assessment based on average and high-resolution parameters, as well the evaluation based on indicators referred to electricity market zones only, could return very different outcomes leading to a significant overestimation or underestimation of the energy and environmental performance of the system based on the electric-driven heat pump. Finally, a further analysis has been carried out to determine how the results can vary considering the average value of the electric efficiency indicator suggested by Italian Regulations and that of other European Countries.