The study analyzes the succession of Emilia, wife of Scipio Africanus, which took place a few years after the lex Voconia (169 BC), defended by Cato the Censor, which prevented citizens enrolled in the first class of citizens to establish as heirs women. Generally it is maintained that the lex Voconia applied only to men but through Emilias’s succession, one of the most ancient attested in literature, the author demonstrates that it applied from the active perspective also to women. For the author, not only the law forbade that a woman could be heres, heir, in the full meaning of the term of her father or mother’s estate, and especially of the forms of power associated with it: prestige, clients, the ancestral home, the sacra, the worship of family ancestors, but it avoided also that a rich woman could prefer a son to a daughter, escaping by making a will, to the ancient rules of intestate succession that always preferred the relatives in the male line. Emilia obtained her enormous estate from her husband and she was prevented from establishing as heirs her two daughters Corneliae. Emilia was thus forced to establish as heir her adopted nephew: Scipio her brother’s son. Nevertheless, she was able to bypass the law disposing that Scipio pay to her daughters two dowries so huge as to appear as portions of the estate. And Scipio paid the dowries but gave Emilia’s enormous set of ornaments (exhibited in public during the religious ceremonies) to his mother Papiria. This complex succession, therefore, explain the famous exemplum (told by Valerius Maximus) on Cornelia, who replied to a matron boasting her jewels as pulcherrima Illius seculi – “Haec ornamenta sunt mea” showing her children, the famous Gracchi. Deprived of the symbols of social integration Cornelia answered emphasizing an idea of female integration not based on patrimony but on the transmission of masculine roles and models.
Lo studio analizza la successione di Emilia, moglie di Scipione Africano, che intervenne pochi anni dopo la lex Voconia del 169 a.C., voluta da Catone il Censore, che impediva ai cittadini iscritti alla prima classe di censo Roma di istituire eredi le donne. Generalmente si ritiene che La Lex Voconia si applicasse unicamente agli uomini, ma tramite la successione di Emilia, una delle successioni testamentarie femminili più antiche attestate, l’autrice dimostra che tale plebiscito si estendeva in senso attivo anche le donne. Per l’autrice la legge non solo impediva che una donna potesse essere heres, erede, nel significato pieno del termine (erede cioè del patrimonio del padre o della madre, e soprattutto delle forme di potere ad esso correlate: il prestigio, le clientele, la casa avita, i sacra, il culto degli antenati familiari) ma evitava anche che una donna ricca potesse preferire ad un figlio maschio una figlia femmina, sfuggendo attraverso lo strumento del testamento, alle antichissime norme della successione legittima che preferivano sempre i parenti in linea maschile. Emilia ottenne il suo grande patrimonio per via testamentaria dal marito e le fu impedito a causa dell’emanazione del plebiscito Voconio di istituire eredi le due figlie Cornelie. Fu dunque costretta a istituire come erede il nipote adottivo: Scipione Emiliano. Ciò nonostante riuscì ad aggirare la legge disponendo che questi pagasse alle due Cornelie due doti tanto gigantesche da apparire come quote ereditarie. Scipione Emiliano pagò le doti, ma cedette il prestigioso corredo di gioielli di Emilia (corredo esibito ufficialmente nelle Feste) a sua madre madre Papiria. L’intricata vicenda successoria spiegherebbe il famoso exemplum (tradito da Valerio Massimo) di Cornelia che, alla matrona campana che si vantava dei suoi gioielli pulcherrima illius seculi – mostrando i figli tornati da scuola, i famosi Gracchi – rispose “Haec ornamenta sunt mea”. Privata dei simboli della propria appartenenza sociale, Cornelia rispondeva valorizzando un’idea di integrazione femminile fondata non sul patrimonio ma sulla trasmissione dei ruoli e dei valori maschili.
«Polyb. 31.26-28: la successione di Emilia»
MCCLINTOCK A
2005-01-01
Abstract
The study analyzes the succession of Emilia, wife of Scipio Africanus, which took place a few years after the lex Voconia (169 BC), defended by Cato the Censor, which prevented citizens enrolled in the first class of citizens to establish as heirs women. Generally it is maintained that the lex Voconia applied only to men but through Emilias’s succession, one of the most ancient attested in literature, the author demonstrates that it applied from the active perspective also to women. For the author, not only the law forbade that a woman could be heres, heir, in the full meaning of the term of her father or mother’s estate, and especially of the forms of power associated with it: prestige, clients, the ancestral home, the sacra, the worship of family ancestors, but it avoided also that a rich woman could prefer a son to a daughter, escaping by making a will, to the ancient rules of intestate succession that always preferred the relatives in the male line. Emilia obtained her enormous estate from her husband and she was prevented from establishing as heirs her two daughters Corneliae. Emilia was thus forced to establish as heir her adopted nephew: Scipio her brother’s son. Nevertheless, she was able to bypass the law disposing that Scipio pay to her daughters two dowries so huge as to appear as portions of the estate. And Scipio paid the dowries but gave Emilia’s enormous set of ornaments (exhibited in public during the religious ceremonies) to his mother Papiria. This complex succession, therefore, explain the famous exemplum (told by Valerius Maximus) on Cornelia, who replied to a matron boasting her jewels as pulcherrima Illius seculi – “Haec ornamenta sunt mea” showing her children, the famous Gracchi. Deprived of the symbols of social integration Cornelia answered emphasizing an idea of female integration not based on patrimony but on the transmission of masculine roles and models.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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