The air pollution due to road traffic represents a real environmental emergency, in particular in urban and metropolitan contexts with high population density. The admitted maximum values of air pollutants are frequently exceeded and it forces local administrations to intervene with limitations of vehicular circulation. Several epidemiologic studies have highlighted as the atmospheric pollution produces serious damages to the human health. In particular, the thin powders, or particular matter, (PM10) are considered one of more dangerous pollutants for the human health. This article deals with a more extended research that proposes to specify a model tool to estimate the effects on human health produced by pollutant emissions due to road traffic, in regional and urban areas. Generally, the estimation of the effects on human health should be obtained by the estimation of pollutant emissions, of pollutant concentrations, of the exposure level to such pollutants (percentage of population exposed, duration of the exposure, etc.), and by the definition of the consequences of the exposure on the human health. The limit of this procedure consists on the application to little territorial areas (for example the effects of a single infrastructure) in linited time (peak-hours, time bands, etc.); furthermore the estimation models of concentrations are, generally, not much reliable, since the continuous variations of atmospheric conditions (winds, temperatures, precipitations, etc.) and of the urban pattern (urban canyons, etc). In this research we propose to examine, for different territorial ambits (regional, provincial and/or communal) the correlation between the annual total emissions (for surface unit or according to other territorial and/or environmental factors) of pollutants and the mortality and morbidity rates related to the polluting emissions. The first ones can be estimated using international consolidated procedures (COPERT) and the second ones using official epidemiologic statistic data. The examination of correlation between these two factors for different territorial areas (for example for different Italian regions and provinces, classified by homogenous anthropic and territorial characteristics) can lead to specify mathematical models that can be able to estimating the relation between mortality and morbidity rates and specific emissions. The application of these models allows to estimate the effects on the health due to pollutant emissions and, therefore, to evaluate the effects of reducing or increasing emissions produced by urban mobility management.
Questo articolo introduce il problema della valutazione in ambito urbano degli effetti dell’inquinamento atmosferico prodotto dal traffico stradale e dell’individuazione delle infrastrutture stradali “critiche” sulle quali intervenire con priorità al fine di ottimizzare i livelli di sicurezza riferiti alla tutela della salute pubblica. La ricerca, finanziata dalla Regione Campania, è nella fase iniziale e ha lo scopo di valutare gli effetti delle emissioni inquinanti, in particolare del PM10, sulla salute umana scegliendo quale campo di sperimentazione tre differenti livelli territoriali (regionale, provinciale, comunale). L’articolo presentato, si riferisce segnatamente all’ambito urbano di Benevento e propone una metodologia di individuazione delle infrastrutture viarie critiche dal punto di vista ambientale, sulle quali è necessario limitare il traffico veicolare. Obiettivo dello studio, è l’individuazione degli ambiti territoriali maggiormente esposti ad elevati livelli di pericolosità per la salute pubblica derivanti dalla mobilità veicolare. Presupposto fondamentale è la considerazione che gli effetti inquinanti abbiano una correlazione con la morfologia del tessuto dei centri urbani ed in particolare con la struttura fisica della rete viaria. Si ritiene possibile, dunque, individuare all’interno di un sistema urbano alcuni “canali critici” che per la loro struttura fisica non possono supportare alcun tipo di traffico veicolare se non compromettendo notevolmente i livelli di sicurezza della salute umana. Le aree di pericolosità caratterizzata da una alta concentrazione di canali critici individuano sul territorio gli ambiti urbani nei quali concentrare gli interventi per una gestione ottimale della mobilità veicolare urbana. La fase sperimentativi è stata implementata dalla progettazione di un sistema informativo geografico (GIS) orientato ad un duplice obiettivo. Da un lato consente l’individuazione delle aree ad elevata pericolosità attraverso l’overlay dei piani informativi (sia alla scala territoriale che a quella urbana); dall’altro permette di selezionare i “canali critici” attraverso una procedura automatizzata consentendo la definizione delle zone urbane a rischio.
Mobilità veicolare, emissioni inquinanti e impatti sulla salute pubblica
FISTOLA R;GALLO M;
2009-01-01
Abstract
The air pollution due to road traffic represents a real environmental emergency, in particular in urban and metropolitan contexts with high population density. The admitted maximum values of air pollutants are frequently exceeded and it forces local administrations to intervene with limitations of vehicular circulation. Several epidemiologic studies have highlighted as the atmospheric pollution produces serious damages to the human health. In particular, the thin powders, or particular matter, (PM10) are considered one of more dangerous pollutants for the human health. This article deals with a more extended research that proposes to specify a model tool to estimate the effects on human health produced by pollutant emissions due to road traffic, in regional and urban areas. Generally, the estimation of the effects on human health should be obtained by the estimation of pollutant emissions, of pollutant concentrations, of the exposure level to such pollutants (percentage of population exposed, duration of the exposure, etc.), and by the definition of the consequences of the exposure on the human health. The limit of this procedure consists on the application to little territorial areas (for example the effects of a single infrastructure) in linited time (peak-hours, time bands, etc.); furthermore the estimation models of concentrations are, generally, not much reliable, since the continuous variations of atmospheric conditions (winds, temperatures, precipitations, etc.) and of the urban pattern (urban canyons, etc). In this research we propose to examine, for different territorial ambits (regional, provincial and/or communal) the correlation between the annual total emissions (for surface unit or according to other territorial and/or environmental factors) of pollutants and the mortality and morbidity rates related to the polluting emissions. The first ones can be estimated using international consolidated procedures (COPERT) and the second ones using official epidemiologic statistic data. The examination of correlation between these two factors for different territorial areas (for example for different Italian regions and provinces, classified by homogenous anthropic and territorial characteristics) can lead to specify mathematical models that can be able to estimating the relation between mortality and morbidity rates and specific emissions. The application of these models allows to estimate the effects on the health due to pollutant emissions and, therefore, to evaluate the effects of reducing or increasing emissions produced by urban mobility management.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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